THE SIPUNCULA
THEIR SYSTEMATICS, BIOLOGY, AND EVOLUTION

by

Edward B. Cutler

1994

Cornell University Press 512 East State St., Ithaca, NY 14850, USA

ISBN #0-8014-2843-2 / QL391.S5C87

CONTENTS

Preface
Checklist of Sipunculan Species
Introduction       
     Historical Notes 
     Overview of Biology and Morphology  
     Obtaining and Handling Sipunculans   
       Collecting                 
       Relaxing and Preserving    
       Dissecting              
       Naming
     Glossary     
 
 
                      Part I   Systematics
1  Higher Taxa and User Guide 
     Morphological Characters of Higher Taxa
     Key to Classes and Families
     An Alternate Way to Determine Sipunculan Genera
 
 
2  The Sipunculids
     Genus Sipunculus
     Genus Xenosiphon
    Genus Siphonosoma
     Genus Siphonomecus
     Genus Phascolopsis
3  The Golfingiids
     Genus Golfingia 
     Genus Nephasoma 
     Genus Thysanocardia 
4  The Phascolionids 
     Genus Phascolion 
     Genus Onchnesoma
5  The Themistids  
     Genus Themiste 
6  The Phascolosomatids
     Genus Phascolosoma 
     Genus Antillesoma
     Genus Apionsoma
7  The Aspidosiphonids
     Genus Aspidosiphon 
     Genus Lithacrosiphon
     Genus Cloeosiphon
 
 
              Part II  Sipunculan Biology: A Review
8  Ecology 
     Habitat       
     Sensitivity to Environmental Change  
     Behavior        
     Trophic Dynamics
       Obtaining Energy  
       Sipunculans as Sources of Energy  
     Symbiotic Relationships       
       Mutualism      
       Commensalism   
       Parasitism
9  Integument and Muscle Systems
     Integument
       Fine Structure
       Dermal Layers
       Chemical Composition
     Muscles
       Anatomy
       Physiology and Biochemistry
10  Coelomic Cells and Immune System
     Coelomic Cells
        Erythrocytes
        Respiratory Pigments
        Urn Cell Complex
     Immune System
       Encapsulation and Inactivation
       Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity
11  Respiration, Genetics, and Biochemistry
     Respiration
       Gas Exchange
       Anaerobic Metabolism
     Genetics
       Chromatin
       Genetic Variability
     Miscellaneous Biochemical Attributes
       Chemical Composition
       Guanine Compounds
       Arginine Kinase
12  Excretory System
     Anatomy
     Physiology
       Nitrogen Excretion
       Osmotic, Ionic, and Volume Regulation
13  Digestive System
     Anatomy
     Physiology
14  Nervous System
     Central Nervous System
       Structure 
       Nerve Transmission
     Sense Organs
       Chemoreception
       Photoreception
       Gravity Reception
     Neurosecretion
       Keferstein Bodies
       Fusiform Bodies
15  Reproduction and Regeneration
     Sexual Reproductive System and Modes
       Gonads and Gender
       Gametes
       Reproductive Cycles and Spawning
       Gametogenesis and Fertilization
       Cleavage and Gastrulation
       Larval Development
       Larval Dispersal and Settlement
     Asexual Reproduction
       Parthenogenesis
       Budding
     Regeneration
 
 
               Part III Zoogeograpny and Evolution
16  Zoogeography
     The Quality of the Database
     Species Value
     Endemism and Centers of Origin
       Dispersal, Boundaries, and Biogeographic Units
       Cosmopolitan Species
17  Generic Analyses: Distribution Summary and Cladogenesis
     Family Sipunculidae
       Sipunculus and Xenosiphon
       Siphonosoma
       Siphonomecus and Phascolopsis
     Family Golfingiidae
       Golfingia
       Nephasoma
       Thysanocardia
     Family Phascolionidae
       Phascolion
       Onchnesoma
     Family Themistidae
       Themiste
     Family Phascolosomatidae
       Phascolosoma
       Antillesoma
       Apionsoma
     Family Aspidosiphonidae
       Aspidosiphon
       Cloeosiphon and Lithacrosiphon
18  Evolution and Phylogenetic Relationships
     Direct Evidence: The Fossil Record
     Indirect Evidence
       Comparative Immunology
       Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
       Comparative Fine Structure
       Comparative Embryology
     Conclusions
19  Within-Phylum Relationships
     Morphological Data
       Broadly Useful Characters
       Limited-Use and New Characters
     Karyological Data
     Embryological Data
     Zoogeographical Data: Paleo-Oceanographic Analysis
       Paleozoic (570-248 Ma)
       Mesozoic (248-65 Ma)
       Cenozoic (65 Ma-Present)
       Cenozoic Subregional Events
     Conclusions and Assumptions
20  Evolutionary Hypothesis
Appendixes
Bibliography
Taxonomic Index
Subject Index 
 

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